ABSTRACT
To study the arterial supply of motor areas of human brain regarding its variable source due to its significance in neurosurgical practice and angiography. It is prospective descriptive study on cadaveric human brains. This study was conducted on different cadaveric brains collected from anatomy and Forensic Departments of various teaching institutes during July2007-July2008. A total 100 brains were collected, skull cap was cut by electric saw meinges were saved, Skull cap was removed. Brain was removed through epidural space without any injury to blood vessels. After putting one week in 10 % formaline jar, dura was removed and branula No.24 was passed into each anterior and middle cerebral arteries separately at different times. Blue Indian ink was injected into anterior cerebral artery after ligating anterior communicating Artery. After injection branula was removed and ligature applied to the artery so that dye may not escape. Now branula was passed into middle cerebral Artery and the red Indian ink was injected so that contrasting colours clearly demarcate the blood vessels supplying the motor areas of brain. Arteries supplying from functional areas were divided in two groups A and B. Group A include primary motor cortex and group B include motor speed area or Broca's area. Each of this group is further subdivided into three sub groups A1, A2, A3 and B1, B2, B3. Sub group Al and Bl include area supplied by single artery, Sub group A2 and B2 include area supplied by multiple arteries whereas subgroup 3 include variant arteries supplying that area. Results were statistically evaluated. Sign test was used to test for presence of variant artery in each area and it was statistically significant. In group A out of 100 cases no case fell in such group A1, 96 cases [96%] fell in such group A2, where middle cerebral Artery and anterior cerebral Artery supplying the area . The frontal branches of middle cerebral artery two to three in number and anterior parietal branch of middle cerebral Artery supply 80% of area while one to two branches of frontopolar Artery, branch of anterior cerebral Artery supply 1.0 to 1.5 cm strip on supero medial surface of motor area. The anterior cerebral Artery supply the leg area and middle cerebral Artery the face trunk and upper limb area. In sub group A3, 4 cases [4%] accessory middle cerebral Artery appeared as variant Artery. In group B out of 100 cases 90 cases [90%] fell in sub group B1. 9 cases [9%] fell in sub group B2 where middle cerebral Artery through frontal branch and accessory middle cerebral Artery supply the area 1 case [1%] fell in such group B3. Where anterior temporal branch of inferior trank of middle cerebral Artery supply the area as variant Artery. 19 cases out of 100 [19%] showed variations among these 4 cases [4%] showed variations in arterial supply of primary motor cortex and 1 case [1%] showed variations in the arterial supply of motor speech area. Collateral vessels may modify the effects of cerebral ischaemia. anatomical variations of the cerebral arteries are of immense importance in surgery , angiography and all non-invasive procedures to help in interpretation of cranial angiogram. The major variations include duplication segmental duplication, aplasia, hypoplasia and fenestration of the vessels
ABSTRACT
Humans are exposed to environmental pollution, food contamination and Cigarette smoking. Environmental pollution in addition to its effects on different systems of body, it also effect on recovery and regeneration of muscular injuries. In this study under different environments the recovery period and regeneration of muscular injuries will be studied on the basis of muscle histology. Experimental study. This study was conducted in Animal room of Anatomy Department, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore from May 2011 to December 2011. Study was carried out on total [100] animals. Control group comprises 28 animals exposed to [i] [Blunt trauma], [ii] Incisional injury., [iii] thermal injury and [iv] chemical injury. Whereas other nine groups of animals following initiation of injury were exposed to heavy metal pollutants and non-heavy metal pollutants by orally, parentally or inhalation. Delayed wound healing was observed, because major factors limiting the ability of skeletal muscles to regenerate after trauma or diseases were a viable population of satellites cells, re-innervation and re-vascularization. The experimental group animals became more lethargic, inactive, death rate was more. Death occurred earlier in group [6] and 8 as compared to rest of groups [P < 0.01]. Injured muscle initially showed increase in circumference and then followed by resuming its normal size in two weeks, time interval. In control group wound healing occurred in normal time whereas those exposed to metallic and non-metallic environmental pollutants showed weight reduction and delayed wound heating